th icaac, san francisco, ca, september delmas g, perlin d, chen zw and zarif l amphotericin � cochleates evaluation for the oral treatment of aspergillosis in murine model, the th international symposium of controlled release of bioactive materials, san diego, ca, june , buspar dosage for cats pp delmas g, park s, chen 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium zw, tan f, kashiwazaki r, zarif l and perlin ds efficacy of orally delivered cochleates containing amphotericin � in a murine model of aspergillosis antimicrob agents chemother graybill jr, navjar l, bocanegra r, scolpino a, mannino rj and zarif l a new lipid vehicle for amphotericin b, abstract, th icaac, san franscisco, ca, september, abs delmarre d, lu r, taton n, krauseelsmore s, gouldfogerite s and mannino rj cochleatemediated delivery formulation of hydrophobic drugs into cochleate delivery vehicles a simplified protocol & bioral formulation kit drug del techno l ramani � and balasubramanian s fluorescence properties of laurdan in cochleate phases bioehim biophys acta l rex jh, walsh tj, sobel jd, filler sg, 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium pappas pg, dismukes we and edwards je practice guidelines for the management 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium of candidiasis infectious diseases society of america clin infect dis saag ms, graybill rj, larsen ra, pappas pg, perfect jr, powderly wg, sobel jd and dismukes we role of metronidazole in giardiasis practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease infectious diseases society 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium of america clin infect dis stevens da, kan vl, judson ma, morrison va, dummer s, dening dw, bennett je, walsh tj, patterson tf and pankay ga practice guidelines for diseases caused by aspergillus infectious diseases society of america clin infect dis hiemenz jw and walsh tj lipid formulations of amphotericin b recent progress and future directions clin infect dis suppl graybill jr, najvar lk, bocanegra r, scolpino a, mannino rj and zarif l cochleate a new lipid vehicle for amphotericin b icaac abs zarif l, graybill j, 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium najvar l, perlin d and mannino rj amphotericin � cochleates novel lipidbased drug delivery system for the treatment of systemic fungal infections, th ishalm world 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium congress, may , buenos aires, argenti segarra i, movshin da and zarif l extensive tissue distribution of amphotericin � after intravenous administration in cochleate vehicle to mice th international symposium on controlled release of bioactive materials, seoul, korea segarra i, movshin d and zarif l pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after intravenous 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium administration of a single dose of amphotericin � cochleates, a new lipid based delivery system pharm sci legrand p, vertutdoi a and bolard j comparative internalization and recycling of different amphotericin � formulations by a macrophagelike cell line antimicrob chemother bratosin d, mazurier j, tissier jp, slomianny c, estaquier j, 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium russomarie f, huart jj, freyssinet jm, aminoff d, ameisen jc and montreuil j molecular mechanism of erythrophagocytosis characterization of the senescent erythrocytes that are phagocy tized by macrophages cr acad sci paris sciences de la vielife sci 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium popescu c, adams l, franzblau s and zarif l cochleates potentiate the efficacy 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium of the antimycobacterial drug, clofazimine icaac abs jin t cochleates without metal cations as bridging agents us patent application slayton w, anstine d, lakhdir f, sleasman j and neiberger r tetany in a child with aids receiving intravenous tobramycin south med j keating mj, sethi mr, bodey gp and samaan na hypocalcemia with hypopara thyroidism and renal tubular dysfunction associated with aminoglycoside 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium therapy cancer rrc new ed, liposomes, a practical approach, irl press, oxford university press, new york gouldfogerite s, mazurkiewicz je, raska � jr, voelkerding k, lehman jm and mannino rj gene perez o, brach g, lastre m, mora 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium n, del campo j, gil d, zayas c, acevedo r, gonzales d, lopez j, taboada � and solis rl novel adjuvant based on a proteoliposomederived 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium cochleate structure containing native polysaccharide as a pathogenassociated molecular pattern immunol cell biol aerosols as drug carriers n renee labiris, andrew p bosco and myrna b dolovich introduction as the end organ for the treatment of local 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium diseases or as the route of administration for systemic therapies, the lung is a very attractive target for drug delivery table the lung provides direct access to the site of disease for the treatment of respiratory illness, without the inefficiencies and unwanted effects of systemic drug delivery in addition, it 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium provides an enormous surface area and a relatively low enzymatic environment for the absorption of drugs to treat systemic diseases table inhaled medications have been available for many years for the treatment of lung diseases inhalational delivery has been widely accepted as being the optimal route of administration of first line therapy for asthmatic and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases drug formulation plays 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium an important role in producing an effective inhalable medication in addition to being 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium pharmacologically active, it is important that a drug be efficiently delivered into the lungs, to the appropriate site of action and remain in the lungs until the desired pharmacological effect occurs a drug designed to treat a systemic disease, such as insulin for diabetes, must be deposited in the lung 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium periphery to ensure maximum systemic bioavailability for gene therapy, anti cancer or 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium anti infective treatment, cellular uptake and prolonged residence in the lungs of the drug may be required to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect thus, a formulation that is retained in the lungs for the desired length of time and avoids the clearance mechanisms of the lung may be necessary the human lung contains airways and approximately million alveoli with a surface area of m, equivalent to that of a tennis court as a major port of table advantages of pulmonary delivery of drugs to treat respiratory and systemic 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium disease treatment of respiratory diseasestreatment of systemic diseases deliver high drug concentrations directly to the disease site minimizes risk of systemic side effects rapid clinical response bypass the barriers to therapeutic efficacy, such as poor gastrointestinal absorption and firstpass metabolism in the liver achieve a similar or superior therapeutic effect at a fraction of the systemic dose for example, oral salbutamol mg 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium is therapeutically equivalent to xg by mdi a noninvasive needlefree delivery system suitable for a wide range of substances from small molecules to very large proteins enormous absorptive surface area m and a highly permeable membrane to fim thickness in the alveolar region large molecules with very low absorption rates can be absorbed in significant quantities the slow mucociliary clearance in the lung periphery results in prolonged residency in the lung a less harsh, low enzymatic environment avoids firstpass metabolism reproducible absorption kinetics pulmonary delivery is independent 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium of dietary complications, extracellular enzymes and interpatient metabolic differences that affect gastrointestinal absorption 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium entry, the lung has evolved to prevent the invasion of unwanted airborne particles from entering into the body airway geometry, humidity, mucociliary clearance and alveolar macrophages play a vital role in maintaining the sterility of the lung, 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium and consequently, they can be barriers to the therapeutic effectiveness of inhaled medications the size of the drug particle can play an important role in 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium avoiding the physiological barriers of the lung and targeting to the appropriate lung region fig nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from to nm studies have demonstrated that they are taken up by macrophages, cancer cells, 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium and epithelial cells their small size ensures the particles containing the active pharmacological ingredient will reach the alveolar regions however, the use of an aerosol delivery system that generates nanosized particles for inhalation, places these particles at 80whr 11.1v 9 cell lithium risk of being exhaled, leaving very few drug particles to be deposited in the periphery of the lung residence time is not long enough for the particles to be deposited by sedimentation or diffusion aerosols as drug carriers diffusionseemntationinertia!